The impending deprecation of third-party cookies is fundamentally reshaping the realm of digital promotion. Marketers are urgently seeking novel solutions to gauge user activity without relying on these established methods. Approaches like first-party data collection and utilizing probabilistic m

The digital advertising landscape is increasingly plagued by ad fraud, depleting advertiser revenue and undermining consumer trust. This article delves the complexities of ad fraud through a comparative analysis of various methods employed by fraudsters. We analyze common types of ad fraud, such